After the party split in into a national-Communist majority which was expelled from the Communist International in and a Stalinist minority, it lost much of its support. Its leader remained Yevhen Konovalets , and its main base of support, as well as its main area of activity, was in Galicia. The Polish government responded to the revolutionary sabotage of the UVO-OUN and Ukrainian opposition to the regime with the military and police Pacification of Galicia in the fall of —the destruction of Ukrainian institutional property, brutalization of Ukrainian leaders and activists, and mass arrests.
The legal activity of the Ukrainian parties in Galicia in the Polish Sejm and Senate from did not produce significant results. Ukrainian culture and education suffered under interwar Polish rule. In education in Poland was centralized, and in Ukrainian and Polish schools were unified and made bilingual. By the s many of these schools were Polish. To counterbalance the Polonization of education, Ukrainians began opening private schools with the help of the Ridna Shkola society.
In the latter half of the s, nearly 60 percent of all Ukrainian gymnasiums , teachers' seminaries , and vocational schools , with about 40 percent of all Ukrainian students , were privately run. Between the world wars , the co-operative movement became better organized and helped the Ukrainian farmers and farm workers—the majority of the Ukrainian population—to withstand economic instability and the Great Depression.
They and other groups, such as the rapidly expanding women's movement and its organization, Union of Ukrainian Women , also contributed a great deal to the cultural development of Galicia's Ukrainians.
As in the Austrian era, the Ukrainians continued to maintain their own scholarly life, literature , press, and book publishing. The leading scholarly institutions were the Shevchenko Scientific Society and the Ukrainian Theological Scholarly Society , both of which published books and serials.
Important scholarly, political, and cultural works were also published in the Basilian Fathers' Analecta Ordinis S. The Second World War. A Soviet administration was immediately set up in Galicia. The new regime introduced fundamental changes— collectivization of agriculture, the nationalization of industry , the reorganization of the educational system on the Soviet model, albeit with Ukrainian as the language of instruction, the abolition of all existing Ukrainian institutions and periodicals, and the curtailment of the churches' activities.
On 4 December Galicia was divided into four oblasts: Lviv oblast, Drohobych oblast, Stanyslaviv oblast, and Ternopil oblast. Many Ukrainian political and cultural leaders managed to flee west across the Sian River and the Buh River into the German-held Generalgouvernement of Poland, but many others did not.
Thousands were arrested and deported to the east or died in prisons. Before they retreated, the Soviets executed some 10, Ukrainians who had been imprisoned in Galicia.
This government was suppressed by the Germans on 12 July, and its members and leading members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists were arrested. On 1 August, Galicia became the fifth district of the Generalgouvernement. The Ukrainian Regional Committee , founded in September , remained the only legal civic umbrella institution; its general secretary was Kost K. Besides organizing the Ukrainians economically and culturally and overseeing relief work, the UCC was instrumental in the creation of the volunteer Division Galizien in April Compared to other Ukrainian territories under Nazi rule, Galicia was relatively better off.
Nonetheless, the regime there was very severe: acts aimed at gaining political independence were forbidden; all opposition was brutally suppressed; and the vast majority of Galicia's Jews and Gypsies, as well as many Ukrainians , were murdered or sent to Nazi concentration camps see Nazi war crimes in Ukraine.
The Soviet period. Many Ukrainians were executed, and many others were sentenced to maximum terms in labor camps or deported to Soviet Asia. The official attitude towards the Ukrainian Catholic church was one of extreme hostility. Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky died on 1 November The hierarchs of the church, including the new metropolitan, Yosyf Slipy , were arrested on 11 April and sentenced to long terms in labor camps, where most of them died.
Well before the Soviet takeover, a large number of the Galician Ukrainian intelligentsia had fled westward. When the Second World War ended, they became displaced persons in Germany.
According to a Soviet-Polish agreement made in Moscow on 16 August , the border between Polish- and Soviet-occupied Galicia ran along the Curzon Line ; thus the Sian region including Peremyshl , the Kholm region and the Lemko region were ceded to Poland. In the border between Poland and Lviv oblast was slightly modified. The forcible depopulation of Ukrainians in the border regions was calculated to destroy the social base of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army , which continued its activity in the Carpathian Mountains until the mids.
Because of the profound political, administrative, cultural, religious, social, economic, and demographic changes that have occurred under Soviet rule, historical Galicia has ceased to exist. Galicia has long been the most densely populated part of Ukraine.
Although in it constituted only 6 percent of all Ukrainian ethnic territory , it had Galicia was already densely populated during the Princely era. Most densely populated were the vicinities of Peremyshl, Lviv, and Halych. From the 13th to the 16th century, the population increased because of the influx of Ukrainians from the east and Polish colonists from the west. From the 15th to the 18th century Galicia also experienced population losses, caused primarily by the peasantry 's flight from serfdom to the steppe frontier.
After the Austrian annexation, this large-scale flight was stemmed because the Russian-Austrian border now separated Galicia from the rest of Ukraine, and the population rose steadily. It increased by 45 percent between and This growth was interrupted only by mass emigration , beginning in the s. In , the average population density in Galicia was per sq km; in the belt between Peremyshl and Pokutia it was as high as per sq km.
The urban population grew slowly, from 19 percent in to 23 percent in ; the greatest growth occurred in Lviv and in the towns of the Drohobych-Boryslav Industrial Region. The cities with over 20, inhabitants in their population is given in parentheses were Lviv, , , ; Stanyslaviv Ivano-Frankivsk , 60, , ; Peremyshl 51, 64, in ; Boryslav , 42, 35, in ; Ternopil , 36, , ; Kolomyia , 33, 61, in ; Drohobych , 33, 77, in ; Stryi , 31, 60, in ; and Sambir , 22, 35, in Until the Second World War , Galicia was one of the most overpopulated agrarian regions in Europe, with agriculturalists per ha of arable land the corresponding figure for all of Ukraine was 54, for Germany , 51, and for Holland , In the last years, certain demographic trends can be singled out: a until , a small annual growth around 1.
Because of centuries-long Polish expansion there, Galicia was the first region of Ukraine to cease being purely Ukrainian; this process transpired first in the towns and later in the most fertile areas of the countryside.
In the period — the number of Roman Catholics rose from An intermediate ethnic category arose, the so-called latynnyky Ukrainian-speaking Roman Catholics , ie, either Ukrainians who had converted to Roman Catholicism or the descendants of Polish colonists who had to a large degree assimilated into the Ukrainian milieu.
A smaller transitional category consisted of Ukrainian Catholics living in a Polish milieu who had become linguistically Polonized mainly in the western borderlands and in Lviv. In the Princely era , the economic base of Galicia changed gradually from hunting and utilization of forest resources to agriculture. At the time, grain , as well as hides and wax, was already being exported to Byzantium. Trade in salt mined in Subcarpathia was of particular economic importance. It was exported west via the Sian River and east to Kyiv via land trade routes.
From the 12th century, Galicia played the role of intermediary in the trade between the West and the Black Sea. In the 15th and 16th centuries, an economy based on the filvarok developed; the nobility exploited the peasantry in order to export as much grain, beef, wax, and timber products as possible to the rest of Europe. At the same time the salt industry grew, and other industries, such as liquor distilling, brewing, and arms manufacturing in Lviv , arose.
In the 16th century, trade with lands to the east became more difficult; the cities and towns declined because of the detrimental policies of the Polish nobility. Incessant wars and the oppression of the Ukrainian burghers and peasantry resulted in the impoverishment of the population.
When Austria annexed Galicia in , it was a poor, backward, and overpopulated land. Under Austria , Galicia's depressed economy only minimally improved.
Its recovery was hindered by a thoroughly unhealthy agrarian system which did not change even after the abolition of serfdom and by Austrian economic policies that maintained Galicia as a primarily agricultural internal colony from which the western Austrian provinces could draw cheap farm produce and timber and which they could use as a ready market for their manufactured goods particularly textiles. Small industrial enterprises most of them in the hands of landowners , such as textile factories, foundries, glass works, salt mines, paper mills, and sugar refineries, that had been productive in the first half of the 19th century declined thereafter because they were unable to compete with the industries of the western provinces and could not modernize because of a lack of capital, the absence of indigenous coal and iron ore , the long distance from Austria's industrial centers, and poor commercial and communication links with the rest of Ukraine.
Only the food industry liquor distilling and milling by small enterprises and, beginning in the s, the petroleum industry were developed in Galicia, and only the latter attracted foreign investment. Intensive agriculture could not develop because the peasants had little land, which was further parceled among the family members, and no capital, while the large landowners preferred to maintain the status quo and showed no initiative.
Only emigration saved the peasants from destitution; with the exception of Transcarpathia , this process was more significant in Galicia than anywhere else in Ukraine. Under interwar Poland , Galicia's economic state became even worse. Rural overpopulation increased because of a decline in emigration and the mass influx of Polish colonists, and industry deteriorated even further. The situation of the Ukrainian population became even more precarious with its exclusion from jobs in the civil service and in Polish-owned enterprises.
Only through self-organization, especially through the co-operative movement , were the Ukrainians able to avoid economic ruin. The postwar Soviet annexation placed Galicia's economy on a par with that of the rest of Ukraine. Agriculture was collectivized, and intensive cultivation of industrial crops, mainly sugar beets and corn , was introduced. Great changes occurred in the industrial sector by way of the large-scale exploitation of energy resources and the introduction of new industries.
In general Galicia's economy had been neglected for centuries, and its economic potential—based on its generally good farmland and propitious climate milder and more humid than in other parts of Ukraine , sources of energy rivers , petroleum, natural gas, timber, peat, lignite, and anthracite , and abundant labor supply—has been underdeveloped. As late as , for example, Arable land and farmsteads took up 52 percent of the territory; pastures, grassland, and meadows, 18 percent; forest, 25 percent; and other land, 5 percent.
In the Carpathian Mountains forest took up 43 percent; pastures and meadows, 35 percent; and arable land, only 16 percent. In eastern Galician Podilia and Pokutia , arable land took up 77 percent. In Roztochia , western Galician Podilia, and Subcarpathia , arable land took up 50 percent 25 percent was forest and 20 percent was meadows and pastures.
Before the Second World War , Galicia had a sown area of 2,, ha, of which , ha After the war, the area sown with industrial crops especially with sugar beets and corn was increased. The climate of Galicia is tempered, and specially in winter, with minimal temperatures of about 5 degC, quite rainy.
During the summer season, maximum temperatures are around 20 degC. Galicia's richdom in water and its Rias are characteristical for its nature. At the area of Rias Altas you will find magnific beaches, impressive towns and beautiful fishing villages. The inland shows green landscapes and romantic villages. The first cultures which left their tracks in Galicia were Celtic, while Romans left as a legacy the walls of Lugo , the bridge of Ourense , and the Tower of Hercules.
Thousands of pilgrims made their way to the cathedral of the newly founded town Santiago de Compostela , and the world-famous Way of Saint James Tip! Galicia's folklore clearly shows its Celtic and Gaelic origins, and the most characteristical musical instrument is the Gaita bagpipe.
A Brief History of Galicia Originally called Galicia-Lodomeria by the Austrians when they took that territory from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the First Partition of Poland in , its borders varied slightly over the years, especially during the Napoleonic Wars, following which Krakow and surrounding lands were eventually added to the province.
Returned to Poland when that state was reestablished after the First World War. Today, the eastern half of Galicia is part of Ukraine, and the western half is part of Poland. Videos Beyond Hollywood Hungerlust Pioneers of love. Esme Fox. The End of the Earth Is Here. It Has Its Own Language. They Set Their Drinks on Fire. Give us feedback. Read Next View. Hotel CoolRooms Atocha. Villa Antumalal - Adults Only.
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